Riginating from different ORNs (group I peptides, green, L-arginyl-L-methionine (Arg-Met), 5 mM; L-arginyl-L-methionyl-L-arginine (Arg-Met-Arg), 1 mM; L-methionyl-L-arginyl-Lmethionine (Met-Arg-Met), 1 mM; L-methionyl-L-arginine (Met-Arg), 5 mM; L-arginyl-L-lysine (Arg-Lys), 200 mM; L-lysyl-L-arginine (Lys-Arg), 1 mM; Larginyl-L-lysyl-L-arginine (Arg-Lys-Arg), 1 mM; L-lysyl-L-arginyl-L-lysine (Lys-Arg-Lys), 1 mM;; group II peptides (see Material and Methods), orange, all applied at 200 mM). As reference also the highest amino acid-induced (200 mM) calcium transient is depicted. [AA mix: amino acid mixture]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053097.gOlfactory Responses to Amino Acids and Peptidesmixture, AA: amino acids, Arg: L-arginine, Met: L-methionine, Lys: Llysine, Gly: glycine, Pep I: group I peptides, Pep II: group II peptides]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053097.g(LSM 510/Axiovert 100 M, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Fluorescence images (excitation at 488 nm; emission .505 nm) of the OE slice were acquired at 1.27 Hz and 786 ms exposure time per image. The thickness of the optical slices excluded fluorescence detection from more than one cell layer. The data were analyzed using custom written programs in MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, USA). To facilitate selection of regions of interest, a `pixel correlation map’ was obtained by calculating the cross-correlation between the fluorescence signals of a pixel to that of its immediate neighbors and then displaying the resulting value as a grayscale map. As physiological responses often give similar signals in adjacent pixels, this method specifically highlights those pixels. In contrast, pixels that contain only noise show uncorrelated traces and thus appear dark in the cross-correlation map [31]. The fluorescence changes for Title Loaded From File individual regions of interest, i.e. individual ORNs, are given as DF/F values. The fluorescence changes DF/F were calculated as DF/F = (F ?F0)/F0, where F was the fluorescence averaged over the pixels of an ORN, while F0 was the average fluorescence of that ORN prior to stimulus application, averaged over three images [32]. A response was Title Loaded From File assumed if the following criteria were met: (i) the maximum amplitude of the calcium transient had to be higher than the maximum of the prestimulus intensities; (ii) the onset of the response had to be within ten frames after stimulus application. Statistical significance was determined by either paired or unpaired t-tests (see also respective Figure legends).ResultsWe have analysed ORN responses to amino acid odorants and to peptide odorants consisting of these amino acids. We chose Larginine, L-lysine, L-methionine and glycine, and a group of thirteen di- and tripeptides consisting of these amino acids (group I and group II peptides, see Material and Methods). Application of amino 1527786 acids to acute slices of the OE, either as a mixture (each at a concentration of 200 mM) or individually (200 mM), induced transient increases of Ca2+-dependent fluorescence in several individual ORNs (Figure 1A). In the shown slice eight ORNs were responsive to amino acids. The exact response profiles to amino acids of these eight ORNs are shown in Figure 1B. Subsequent application of group I peptides, consisting of L-arginine, L-lysine and L-methionine, at an equal concentration of 200 mM elicited very faint responses in some of the amino acid-sensitive ORNs (Figure 1B). We did not notice peptide-induced responses in ORNs that were not responsive to amino acids in thi.Riginating from different ORNs (group I peptides, green, L-arginyl-L-methionine (Arg-Met), 5 mM; L-arginyl-L-methionyl-L-arginine (Arg-Met-Arg), 1 mM; L-methionyl-L-arginyl-Lmethionine (Met-Arg-Met), 1 mM; L-methionyl-L-arginine (Met-Arg), 5 mM; L-arginyl-L-lysine (Arg-Lys), 200 mM; L-lysyl-L-arginine (Lys-Arg), 1 mM; Larginyl-L-lysyl-L-arginine (Arg-Lys-Arg), 1 mM; L-lysyl-L-arginyl-L-lysine (Lys-Arg-Lys), 1 mM;; group II peptides (see Material and Methods), orange, all applied at 200 mM). As reference also the highest amino acid-induced (200 mM) calcium transient is depicted. [AA mix: amino acid mixture]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053097.gOlfactory Responses to Amino Acids and Peptidesmixture, AA: amino acids, Arg: L-arginine, Met: L-methionine, Lys: Llysine, Gly: glycine, Pep I: group I peptides, Pep II: group II peptides]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053097.g(LSM 510/Axiovert 100 M, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Fluorescence images (excitation at 488 nm; emission .505 nm) of the OE slice were acquired at 1.27 Hz and 786 ms exposure time per image. The thickness of the optical slices excluded fluorescence detection from more than one cell layer. The data were analyzed using custom written programs in MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, USA). To facilitate selection of regions of interest, a `pixel correlation map’ was obtained by calculating the cross-correlation between the fluorescence signals of a pixel to that of its immediate neighbors and then displaying the resulting value as a grayscale map. As physiological responses often give similar signals in adjacent pixels, this method specifically highlights those pixels. In contrast, pixels that contain only noise show uncorrelated traces and thus appear dark in the cross-correlation map [31]. The fluorescence changes for individual regions of interest, i.e. individual ORNs, are given as DF/F values. The fluorescence changes DF/F were calculated as DF/F = (F ?F0)/F0, where F was the fluorescence averaged over the pixels of an ORN, while F0 was the average fluorescence of that ORN prior to stimulus application, averaged over three images [32]. A response was assumed if the following criteria were met: (i) the maximum amplitude of the calcium transient had to be higher than the maximum of the prestimulus intensities; (ii) the onset of the response had to be within ten frames after stimulus application. Statistical significance was determined by either paired or unpaired t-tests (see also respective Figure legends).ResultsWe have analysed ORN responses to amino acid odorants and to peptide odorants consisting of these amino acids. We chose Larginine, L-lysine, L-methionine and glycine, and a group of thirteen di- and tripeptides consisting of these amino acids (group I and group II peptides, see Material and Methods). Application of amino 1527786 acids to acute slices of the OE, either as a mixture (each at a concentration of 200 mM) or individually (200 mM), induced transient increases of Ca2+-dependent fluorescence in several individual ORNs (Figure 1A). In the shown slice eight ORNs were responsive to amino acids. The exact response profiles to amino acids of these eight ORNs are shown in Figure 1B. Subsequent application of group I peptides, consisting of L-arginine, L-lysine and L-methionine, at an equal concentration of 200 mM elicited very faint responses in some of the amino acid-sensitive ORNs (Figure 1B). We did not notice peptide-induced responses in ORNs that were not responsive to amino acids in thi.
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Calcium Channel
