Plits into a peripheral process bound for the receptive field and

Plits into a peripheral process bound for the receptive field and a central process connected to the Necrosulfonamide molecular weight spinal cord. Passage of afferent APs from the periphery to the spinal cord is unreliable at this T-junction due to impedance mismatch, resulting in selective elimination of high-frequency signals. This filtering function of the T-junction has been predicted by theoretical studies (Luscher et al. 1994b; Zhou Chiu, 2001), and has been confirmed in recordings from amphibian and embryonic mammalian dorsal root ganglia (DRGs; Stoney, 1990;Luscher et al. 1994b). Maximal propagation rates through the T-junction have been examined in healthy adult rats (Fang et al. 2005) and after peripheral inflammation in guinea pigs (Djouhri et al. 2001), but the biophysical mechanisms underlying conduction failure at this site have been only minimally explored, and the influence of nerve injury has not been examined. Experimental depression of intracellular Ca2+ reduces propagation failure at the T-junction (Luscher et al. 1994a, 1996). We have previously noted reduced resting intracellular Ca2+ levels (Fuchs et al. 2005) and activity-induced Ca2+ influx (Hogan et al. 2000; McCallum et al. 2003) in sensory neurons following peripheral nerve injury that produces behaviour indicative of pain. We therefore hypothesized that neuronal injury may disable T-junction filtering and thereby increase the net conduction of afferent traffic. Accordingly, these experiments were designed to first confirm the existence of T-junction filtering in adult mammalian sensory neurons, and to characterize the pace at which trains of sequential APs can be conducted through the T-junction. We then tested the effect of painful nerve injury using spinal nerve ligation (SNL), a model that allows evaluation of axotomized 5th lumbar (L5) neurons TAPI-2 biological activity separately from neighbouring intact L4 neurons. Finally, we explored possible factors that may control conduction failure, including shifts in membrane potential (V m ) during and after trains, the role of specific membrane channels, and the participation of altered membrane resistance. Our findings suggest that T-junction filtering is an important regulator of sensory traffic in adult sensory neurons, and alterations after injury may contribute to sensory dysfunction.MethodsEthical approvalStudies were performed on tissue from 141 male Sprague awley rats (150?50 g) obtained from Charles River Laboratories Inc. (Wilmington, MA, USA), afterC2012 The Authors. The Journal of PhysiologyC2012 The Physiological SocietyJ Physiol 591.Impulse propagation after sensory neuron injuryapproval from the Medical College of Wisconsin Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.Animal preparationRats were prepared with one of two kinds of surgery. SNL (n = 79 rats) was performed during isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia (1? in oxygen) similarly to the previously described method of Kim Chung (1992). Briefly, after exposure of the right paravertebral region, the sixth lumbar (L6) transverse process was removed, and the ventral rami of the right L5 and L6 spinal nerves were ligated with 6-0 silk thread and cut distal to the ligatures. In contrast to the originally described method, we did not remove paraspinous muscles or the adjacent articular processes. Other rats had only anaesthesia and lumbar skin incision (n = 62 rats). After surgery, the rats were returned to the animal colony where they were kept in individual cages under normal housing conditions.Behavi.Plits into a peripheral process bound for the receptive field and a central process connected to the spinal cord. Passage of afferent APs from the periphery to the spinal cord is unreliable at this T-junction due to impedance mismatch, resulting in selective elimination of high-frequency signals. This filtering function of the T-junction has been predicted by theoretical studies (Luscher et al. 1994b; Zhou Chiu, 2001), and has been confirmed in recordings from amphibian and embryonic mammalian dorsal root ganglia (DRGs; Stoney, 1990;Luscher et al. 1994b). Maximal propagation rates through the T-junction have been examined in healthy adult rats (Fang et al. 2005) and after peripheral inflammation in guinea pigs (Djouhri et al. 2001), but the biophysical mechanisms underlying conduction failure at this site have been only minimally explored, and the influence of nerve injury has not been examined. Experimental depression of intracellular Ca2+ reduces propagation failure at the T-junction (Luscher et al. 1994a, 1996). We have previously noted reduced resting intracellular Ca2+ levels (Fuchs et al. 2005) and activity-induced Ca2+ influx (Hogan et al. 2000; McCallum et al. 2003) in sensory neurons following peripheral nerve injury that produces behaviour indicative of pain. We therefore hypothesized that neuronal injury may disable T-junction filtering and thereby increase the net conduction of afferent traffic. Accordingly, these experiments were designed to first confirm the existence of T-junction filtering in adult mammalian sensory neurons, and to characterize the pace at which trains of sequential APs can be conducted through the T-junction. We then tested the effect of painful nerve injury using spinal nerve ligation (SNL), a model that allows evaluation of axotomized 5th lumbar (L5) neurons separately from neighbouring intact L4 neurons. Finally, we explored possible factors that may control conduction failure, including shifts in membrane potential (V m ) during and after trains, the role of specific membrane channels, and the participation of altered membrane resistance. Our findings suggest that T-junction filtering is an important regulator of sensory traffic in adult sensory neurons, and alterations after injury may contribute to sensory dysfunction.MethodsEthical approvalStudies were performed on tissue from 141 male Sprague awley rats (150?50 g) obtained from Charles River Laboratories Inc. (Wilmington, MA, USA), afterC2012 The Authors. The Journal of PhysiologyC2012 The Physiological SocietyJ Physiol 591.Impulse propagation after sensory neuron injuryapproval from the Medical College of Wisconsin Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.Animal preparationRats were prepared with one of two kinds of surgery. SNL (n = 79 rats) was performed during isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia (1? in oxygen) similarly to the previously described method of Kim Chung (1992). Briefly, after exposure of the right paravertebral region, the sixth lumbar (L6) transverse process was removed, and the ventral rami of the right L5 and L6 spinal nerves were ligated with 6-0 silk thread and cut distal to the ligatures. In contrast to the originally described method, we did not remove paraspinous muscles or the adjacent articular processes. Other rats had only anaesthesia and lumbar skin incision (n = 62 rats). After surgery, the rats were returned to the animal colony where they were kept in individual cages under normal housing conditions.Behavi.