Man environment), where progress is patchy and not always thought through.

Man environment), where progress is patchy and not always thought through. In both these situations, a risk GSK2256098 web approach could usefully be systematically applied, especially as these topics both impinge on the `big water’ issues (?f ). Some remaining monitoring problems are statistical, such as the instability of the baseline, which depends on linear regression of coverage over time, because the actual 1990 data were inadequate. Others follow the lack of water quality or actual water use measures within the survey methodology adopted for its other advantages. Yet others are a consequence of necessarily simple categorization for global use: some types of well may often yield safe water in rural areas but less reliably in cities; some types of sanitation facility sharing between households may be satisfactory and others not. Most generally, the basic facilities that are a great advance on zero provision are still far from ideal and higher aims are to be sought, so that their relative adequacy should be accommodated in the interTalmapimod site national monitoring and national planning. Simplicity, required for political motivation and achieved through the binary classification, is soon lost in efforts to describe this complex situation. Moreover, global comparability, achieved with much effort, limits utility of the data at national level and below for planning. These difficulties must be addressed by any post-2015 goals and targets. However, the baseline for the next quarter-century is very different from that of 1990 largely as a consequence of efforts in the MDG period.3. Planning for post-millennium development goalsThere are three major differences between the pre- and post-2015 periods. The substantive developments in monitoring have been described in the preceding section and are analysed here. In addition, post-2015, the baseline situation is vastly better as a result of the MDG push; and a `human right to water and sanitation’ is now recognized, providing normative specificity on dimensions and levels of adequacy. A further advance in recognizing the importance of hygiene behaviour is yet to be achieved.(a) The implications of developments in monitoringThe main monitoring achievements since 2000 have been independence (perceived and real), comparability between countries, well-defined variables and transparency of process. These have been achieved partly by, and partly at the expense of, some distance between global and national monitoring. These two aspects could usefully be brought closer together, partly for efficiency–so that they are mutually supportive–and partly because more thorough and detailed monitoring will require greater resources that will not be forthcoming unless they can serve both needs. This can be achieved by making the monitoring informative to more audiences, and particularly to national water programmes and utilities. It can also be a catalyst for building up national water regulators and the national water monitoring systems that will take over from the UN organizations in due course as sources of information for international monitoring. Both for continuity as a baseline and as a `gold standard’ within countries, monitoring over the 2015 period will therefore likely keep nationally representative household surveys as a core data source. However, they will require supplementation in order to add value and justify their collection. Supplementation is likely to involve new or amended indicators to reflect water safety, equity.Man environment), where progress is patchy and not always thought through. In both these situations, a risk approach could usefully be systematically applied, especially as these topics both impinge on the `big water’ issues (?f ). Some remaining monitoring problems are statistical, such as the instability of the baseline, which depends on linear regression of coverage over time, because the actual 1990 data were inadequate. Others follow the lack of water quality or actual water use measures within the survey methodology adopted for its other advantages. Yet others are a consequence of necessarily simple categorization for global use: some types of well may often yield safe water in rural areas but less reliably in cities; some types of sanitation facility sharing between households may be satisfactory and others not. Most generally, the basic facilities that are a great advance on zero provision are still far from ideal and higher aims are to be sought, so that their relative adequacy should be accommodated in the international monitoring and national planning. Simplicity, required for political motivation and achieved through the binary classification, is soon lost in efforts to describe this complex situation. Moreover, global comparability, achieved with much effort, limits utility of the data at national level and below for planning. These difficulties must be addressed by any post-2015 goals and targets. However, the baseline for the next quarter-century is very different from that of 1990 largely as a consequence of efforts in the MDG period.3. Planning for post-millennium development goalsThere are three major differences between the pre- and post-2015 periods. The substantive developments in monitoring have been described in the preceding section and are analysed here. In addition, post-2015, the baseline situation is vastly better as a result of the MDG push; and a `human right to water and sanitation’ is now recognized, providing normative specificity on dimensions and levels of adequacy. A further advance in recognizing the importance of hygiene behaviour is yet to be achieved.(a) The implications of developments in monitoringThe main monitoring achievements since 2000 have been independence (perceived and real), comparability between countries, well-defined variables and transparency of process. These have been achieved partly by, and partly at the expense of, some distance between global and national monitoring. These two aspects could usefully be brought closer together, partly for efficiency–so that they are mutually supportive–and partly because more thorough and detailed monitoring will require greater resources that will not be forthcoming unless they can serve both needs. This can be achieved by making the monitoring informative to more audiences, and particularly to national water programmes and utilities. It can also be a catalyst for building up national water regulators and the national water monitoring systems that will take over from the UN organizations in due course as sources of information for international monitoring. Both for continuity as a baseline and as a `gold standard’ within countries, monitoring over the 2015 period will therefore likely keep nationally representative household surveys as a core data source. However, they will require supplementation in order to add value and justify their collection. Supplementation is likely to involve new or amended indicators to reflect water safety, equity.