Ot meaningful if it is not accompanied by improved clinical outcomes, or at least biomarkers. Clinical LY2510924 price trials investigating the impact of improving vitamin D status on various health and disease outcomes are also warranted. Finally, LT-253 site chronic diseases are multifactorial in origin and many variables that contribute to the development of these diseases, such as unhealthy dietary habits, aging and physical inactivity, are risk factors for vitamin D deficiency [109]. Therefore even if widespread vitamin D status is optimized, various chronic diseases will continue to occur, but the risk will be lower.Nutrients 2015, 7 Author ContributionsH.M. and P.R.H. conceived the manuscript idea, H.M. researched and drafted the manuscript, P.R.H. reviewed the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Holick, M.F.; Binkley, N.C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Gordon, C.M.; Hanley, D.A.; Heaney, R.P.; Murad, M.H.; Weaver, C.M. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 1911?930. Holick, M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 266?81. Van Schoor, N.M.; Lips, P. Worldwide vitamin D status. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 671?80. Looker, A.C.; Johnson, C.L.; Lacher, D.A.; Pfeiffer, C.M.; Schleicher, R.L.; Sempos, C.T. Vitamin D status: United states, 2001?006. NCHS Data Brief 2011, 59, 1?. Ministry of Health. Vitamin D Status of New Zealand Adults: Findings from the 2008/09 New Zealand adult Nutrition Survey; Ministry of Health: Wellington, New Zealand, 2012. Norman, A.W.; Bouillon, R. Vitamin D nutritional policy needs a vision for the future. Exp. Biol. Med. 2010, 235, 1034?045. Ministry of Health and Cancer Society of New Zealand. Consensus Statement on Vitamin D and Sun Exposure in New Zealand; Health, M.O., Ed.; Ministry of Health: Wellington, New Zealand, 2012. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. American Academy of Dermatology and AAD Association. Position Statement on Vitamin D; AAD: Schaumburg, IL, USA, 2010. Aloia, J.F.; Patel, M.; DiMaano, R.; Li-Ng, M.; Talwar, S.A.; Mikhail, M.; Pollack, S.; Yeh, J.K. Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1952?958. Gallagher, J.C.; Sai, A.; Templin, T.I.; Smith, L. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012, 156, 425?37. Griend, J.P.V.; McQueen, R.B.; Linnebur, S.A.; Vondracek, S.F. Prescription ergocalciferol dosing for vitamin D repletion: A retrospective evaluation. Pharmacotherapy 2012, 32, 135?41. Heaney, R.P.; Davies, K.M.; Chen, T.C.; Holick, M.F.; Barger-Lux, M.J. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 204?10. Talwar, S.A.; Aloia, J.F.; Pollack, S.; Yeh, J.K. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation among postmenopausal african american women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 86, 1657?662.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13.14.Nutrients 2015,15. Mazahery, H.; Stonehouse, W.; von Hurst, P.R. The effect of monthly 50 000 IU or 100 000 IU vitamin D supplements on vitamin D status in premenopausal middle eastern women living in auckland. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 69, 367?72. 16. Zittermann, A.; Ernst, J.B.; Gummert, J.Ot meaningful if it is not accompanied by improved clinical outcomes, or at least biomarkers. Clinical trials investigating the impact of improving vitamin D status on various health and disease outcomes are also warranted. Finally, chronic diseases are multifactorial in origin and many variables that contribute to the development of these diseases, such as unhealthy dietary habits, aging and physical inactivity, are risk factors for vitamin D deficiency [109]. Therefore even if widespread vitamin D status is optimized, various chronic diseases will continue to occur, but the risk will be lower.Nutrients 2015, 7 Author ContributionsH.M. and P.R.H. conceived the manuscript idea, H.M. researched and drafted the manuscript, P.R.H. reviewed the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Holick, M.F.; Binkley, N.C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Gordon, C.M.; Hanley, D.A.; Heaney, R.P.; Murad, M.H.; Weaver, C.M. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 1911?930. Holick, M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 266?81. Van Schoor, N.M.; Lips, P. Worldwide vitamin D status. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 671?80. Looker, A.C.; Johnson, C.L.; Lacher, D.A.; Pfeiffer, C.M.; Schleicher, R.L.; Sempos, C.T. Vitamin D status: United states, 2001?006. NCHS Data Brief 2011, 59, 1?. Ministry of Health. Vitamin D Status of New Zealand Adults: Findings from the 2008/09 New Zealand adult Nutrition Survey; Ministry of Health: Wellington, New Zealand, 2012. Norman, A.W.; Bouillon, R. Vitamin D nutritional policy needs a vision for the future. Exp. Biol. Med. 2010, 235, 1034?045. Ministry of Health and Cancer Society of New Zealand. Consensus Statement on Vitamin D and Sun Exposure in New Zealand; Health, M.O., Ed.; Ministry of Health: Wellington, New Zealand, 2012. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. American Academy of Dermatology and AAD Association. Position Statement on Vitamin D; AAD: Schaumburg, IL, USA, 2010. Aloia, J.F.; Patel, M.; DiMaano, R.; Li-Ng, M.; Talwar, S.A.; Mikhail, M.; Pollack, S.; Yeh, J.K. Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1952?958. Gallagher, J.C.; Sai, A.; Templin, T.I.; Smith, L. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012, 156, 425?37. Griend, J.P.V.; McQueen, R.B.; Linnebur, S.A.; Vondracek, S.F. Prescription ergocalciferol dosing for vitamin D repletion: A retrospective evaluation. Pharmacotherapy 2012, 32, 135?41. Heaney, R.P.; Davies, K.M.; Chen, T.C.; Holick, M.F.; Barger-Lux, M.J. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 204?10. Talwar, S.A.; Aloia, J.F.; Pollack, S.; Yeh, J.K. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation among postmenopausal african american women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 86, 1657?662.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13.14.Nutrients 2015,15. Mazahery, H.; Stonehouse, W.; von Hurst, P.R. The effect of monthly 50 000 IU or 100 000 IU vitamin D supplements on vitamin D status in premenopausal middle eastern women living in auckland. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 69, 367?72. 16. Zittermann, A.; Ernst, J.B.; Gummert, J.
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