Na Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Freq 2 25 7 9 7 2 1 19 2 2 1 3 1 6 6 1 1 1 8 27 27 1 10 .3 4.3 1.2 1.6 1.2 .3 .2 3.3 .3 .3 .2 .5 .2 1.0 1.0 .2 .2 .2 1.4 4.7 4.7 .2 1.7 Country Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malawi Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Peru Freq 1 2 12 1 2 3 5 59 13 1 1 2 2 1 1 9 5 15 5 2 8 1 2 .2 .3 2.1 .2 .3 .5 .9 10.2 2.2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .2 .2 1.6 .9 2.6 .9 .3 1.4 .2 .3 Country Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey UAE United Kingdom Uruguay USA Vietnam Overall Total doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633.t001 Freq 6 7 5 7 2 2 5 1 2 1 4 28 8 11 2 1 1 4 3 35 3 117 3 580 1.0 1.2 .9 1.2 .3 .3 .9 .2 .3 .2 .7 4.8 1.4 1.9 .3 .2 .2 .7 .5 6.0 .5 20.2 .5 100.current picture of academia, which has a higher ratio of males [28, 29]. More than half of the respondents have been working in their present institution for 6 or more years.Results and Discussion Percentage of papers PD98059 supplier co-authored by researchers during their academic careerThe incidence of co-authorship in Economics rose sharply in the 1970s [30]. Increasing specialization, changes in institutional incentives for publication, along with a host of other reasons, have brought about a marked trend toward co-authored articles. The trend towards coTable 2. Frequency distribution of respondents as per continent of work. Continent Oceania Asia Africa Europe South America North America Total doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633.t002 Frequency 30 78 9 304 18 141 580 5.2 13.4 1.6 52.4 3.1 24.3 100.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633 June 20,5 /Perceptions of Scholars in the Field of Economics on Co-Authorship AssociationsTable 3. Characteristics of respondents. Descriptives Gender Age Valid (n) 580 580 Male Female less than 35 years 35?5 46?5 56 and above Marital Status 580 Single Married Other Highest Qualification 580 PhD Masters Other Institution of work 577 College University Research Institute Other Years of service at current institution 580 Less than 1 year 1? years 6?0 years More than 10 years Professional Position 569 Lecturer Senior Lecturer Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Post Doc Student Economist (not holding academic position) Researcher/Scientist Other doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633.t003 Frequency 447 133 114 251 118 97 103 449 28 541 27 12 9 477 53 38 34 208 127 211 25 32 103 112 190 13 10 16 42 26 Valid Percent 74.8 25.2 19.7 43.3 20.3 16.7 17.8 77.4 4.8 93.3 4.7 2.1 1.6 82.2 9.1 6.6 5.9 35.9 21.9 36.4 4.3 5.5 17.8 19.3 32.8 2.2 1.7 2.8 7.2 4.authorship was perhaps `one of the most P144 Peptide site violent transitions that can be measured in recent trends of scientific manpower and literature’ (p. 89) [31]. In our study, we asked the researchers about the percentage of papers, out of the total number of papers authored by them, they had co-authored. Overall, 99 of all respondents had coauthored at least some portion of their papers during their career. Approximately 75 of the respondents said that they had co-authored two-thirds or more of their papers, and over 50 mentioned that they had co-authored all or almost all of their papers (see Table 4). These figures decidedly show that co-authori.Na Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Freq 2 25 7 9 7 2 1 19 2 2 1 3 1 6 6 1 1 1 8 27 27 1 10 .3 4.3 1.2 1.6 1.2 .3 .2 3.3 .3 .3 .2 .5 .2 1.0 1.0 .2 .2 .2 1.4 4.7 4.7 .2 1.7 Country Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malawi Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Peru Freq 1 2 12 1 2 3 5 59 13 1 1 2 2 1 1 9 5 15 5 2 8 1 2 .2 .3 2.1 .2 .3 .5 .9 10.2 2.2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .2 .2 1.6 .9 2.6 .9 .3 1.4 .2 .3 Country Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey UAE United Kingdom Uruguay USA Vietnam Overall Total doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633.t001 Freq 6 7 5 7 2 2 5 1 2 1 4 28 8 11 2 1 1 4 3 35 3 117 3 580 1.0 1.2 .9 1.2 .3 .3 .9 .2 .3 .2 .7 4.8 1.4 1.9 .3 .2 .2 .7 .5 6.0 .5 20.2 .5 100.current picture of academia, which has a higher ratio of males [28, 29]. More than half of the respondents have been working in their present institution for 6 or more years.Results and Discussion Percentage of papers co-authored by researchers during their academic careerThe incidence of co-authorship in Economics rose sharply in the 1970s [30]. Increasing specialization, changes in institutional incentives for publication, along with a host of other reasons, have brought about a marked trend toward co-authored articles. The trend towards coTable 2. Frequency distribution of respondents as per continent of work. Continent Oceania Asia Africa Europe South America North America Total doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633.t002 Frequency 30 78 9 304 18 141 580 5.2 13.4 1.6 52.4 3.1 24.3 100.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633 June 20,5 /Perceptions of Scholars in the Field of Economics on Co-Authorship AssociationsTable 3. Characteristics of respondents. Descriptives Gender Age Valid (n) 580 580 Male Female less than 35 years 35?5 46?5 56 and above Marital Status 580 Single Married Other Highest Qualification 580 PhD Masters Other Institution of work 577 College University Research Institute Other Years of service at current institution 580 Less than 1 year 1? years 6?0 years More than 10 years Professional Position 569 Lecturer Senior Lecturer Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Post Doc Student Economist (not holding academic position) Researcher/Scientist Other doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157633.t003 Frequency 447 133 114 251 118 97 103 449 28 541 27 12 9 477 53 38 34 208 127 211 25 32 103 112 190 13 10 16 42 26 Valid Percent 74.8 25.2 19.7 43.3 20.3 16.7 17.8 77.4 4.8 93.3 4.7 2.1 1.6 82.2 9.1 6.6 5.9 35.9 21.9 36.4 4.3 5.5 17.8 19.3 32.8 2.2 1.7 2.8 7.2 4.authorship was perhaps `one of the most violent transitions that can be measured in recent trends of scientific manpower and literature’ (p. 89) [31]. In our study, we asked the researchers about the percentage of papers, out of the total number of papers authored by them, they had co-authored. Overall, 99 of all respondents had coauthored at least some portion of their papers during their career. Approximately 75 of the respondents said that they had co-authored two-thirds or more of their papers, and over 50 mentioned that they had co-authored all or almost all of their papers (see Table 4). These figures decidedly show that co-authori.
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