an one hundred UGTs. For example, A. thaliana includes 123 UGTs [6]; the general than

an one hundred UGTs. For example, A. thaliana includes 123 UGTs [6]; the general than 100 UGTs. For instance, A. thaliana contains 123 UGTs [6]; the tree Quercus robur has 244 UGTs [46]. addition, 3 EuUGTs (GWHPAAAL000153, tree Quercus robur has 244 UGTs [46]. In In addition, 3 EuUGTs (GWHPAAAL000153, GWHPAAAL020411, and GWHPAAAL023819) are clearly missing an N-terminal. This GWHPAAAL020411, and GWHPAAAL023819) are clearly missing an N-terminal. This could because of the incomplete genome of E. ulmoides. The E. ulmoides draft genome was may bebe because of the incomplete genome of E. ulmoides. The E. ulmoides draft genome was assembled previously, having a size 1.18 Gb which consisted of 29,348 scaffolds with an assembled previously, with a size of of 1.18 Gb which consisted of 29,348 scaffolds with an N50 much less than 1.03 Mb [33]. Greater than 10 pairs of EuUGT sequences exhibited high N50 of of less than 1.03 Mb [33]. Greater than 10 pairs of EuUGT sequences exhibited higher similarity (Table S1). The same phenomenon was discovered the other plants and is is believed similarity (Table S1). Exactly the same phenomenon was located in in the other plants and believed to be a result of tandem duplication during long-term evolution [2,six,47]. It may also reflect that the plant UGTs expand so that you can create additional secondary metabolites [11,12]. As in other plant species, EuUGT genes are largely intronless, except for any small fraction of family members containing 1 to 3 introns, which may very well be derived from gain or loss events throughout their evolution [47].Plants 2021, 10,13 ofThe EuUGTs have been categorized into 14 previously identified groups, which include A to E, G to M, and O and R. Even though the amnio acid sequence similarity is low amongst the UGT groups, the protein structure of the EuUGTs was shown to become hugely conserved. Nine PI3KC2α Formulation motifs could possibly be distinguished amongst the EuUGTs (Figure 2A). Amongst these, motif 7 (PSPG box) was previously discussed extensively in an evaluation of plant UGTs because of the extremely conserved amino acid residues [5,6]. All 91 from the EuUGTs also have a PSPG box with practically identical conservative amino acid residues (Figure 2B). The function from the PSPG box would be to serve as a binding domain of UDP-sugar [5]. Masada et al. (2007) replaced the PSPG box of CaUGT2 using the NtGT1b’s, top towards the loss of catalytic activity within the CaUGT2 variant, indicating its vital role in catalysis [48]. Further, site-directed mutagenesis of a non-conservative Cys377 inside the PSPG box of CaUGT2 to Arg led towards the variant losing catalytic activity [48], suggesting that the non-conservative residues within the PSPG box in CaUGT2 may perhaps also participate in substrate recognition. As Figure 2A shows, the other eight motifs had been located to become conservative to a particular extent, but practically no studies have focused on them. Through C-terminal domain swapping, it was identified that the affinity of the 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonist MedChemExpress chimeric enzyme of AtUGT71C1 and AtUGT71C2 to the substrate etoposide changed substantially, suggesting that the substrate specificity of UGT may have resided within the N-terminal also as the C-terminal domains [49]. Taken collectively, both the C-terminal and N-terminal domains of plant UGTs could possibly be involved in substrate recognition, that is a vital possibility to discover further within the future. The cis-elements within the 2000 bp upstream sequence of every single EuUGT gene have been identified. It was shown that up to 26 cis-elements had been recognized, suggesting that EuUGTs’ transcription could be extensively regulated. For exa