1272, 19. Saito K, Nishida KM, Mori T, Kawamura Y, Miyoshi K, et

1272, 19. Saito K, Nishida KM, Mori T, Kawamura Y, Miyoshi K, et al Precise association of Piwi with rasiRNAs derived from retrotransposon and heterochromatic regions in the Drosophila genome. Genes & Development 20: 22142222. 20. Aihara H, Nakagawa T, Yasui K, Ohta T, Hirose S, et al. Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo. Genes Dev. 18: 877888. 21. Ivanovska I, Khandan T, Ito T, Orr-Weaver TL A histone code in meiosis: the histone kinase, NHK-1, is required for proper chromosomal architecture in Drosophila oocytes. Genes Dev. 19: 25712582. 22. Lancaster OM, Cullen CF, Ohkura H NHK-1 phosphorylates BAF to allow karyosome formation within the Drosophila oocyte nucleus. J Cell Biol. 179: 817824. 23. Zhang W, Deng H, Bao X, Lerach S, Girton J, et al. The JIL-1 histone H3S10 kinase regulates dimethyl H3K9 modifications and heterochromatic spreading in Drosophila. Development 133: 229235. 24. Gelbart WM, Emmert DB. Calculation of RPKM to generate quantitative expression data: read-length values for modENCODE developmental timecourse RNA-Seq data. FlyBase analysis. 25. Brodie R, Roper RL, Upton C JDotter: A Java Interface to Multiple Dot Plots Generated by Dotter. Bioinformatics 20: 279281. 26. Wang Y, Geer LY, Chappey C, Kans JA, Bryant SH Cn3D: sequence and structure views for Entrez. Trends Biochem Sci. 25: 300302. 12 ~~ ~~ Caries is the most common infectious disease throughout the world. Lesions and cavities on tooth surfaces, caused by caries activity, result in infection and pain and can lead to decay and even the loss of tooth structure. Furthermore, once started, the destruction process is usually irreversible. Therefore, preventive measures against caries, as well as the prognosis and early diagnosis, are of particular clinical significance. Human saliva is home to Dimethylenastron site numerous microorganisms. Evidences have recently emerged from our group and others that the organismal structure of saliva microbiota is highly individualized among human hosts and that changes in organismal structure are linked to caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. However, the 15826876 functional characteristics of saliva microbiota are not well understood and the potential roles of saliva microbiota in health and diseases remain elusive, as organismal lineages do not necessarily correlate with functional activities; many organisms in a given microbiota are either novel or uncultured; the degree of microbial functional divergence among host individuals is presently NT 157 site unknown. Here we reported the global functional profiles of human saliva microbiota associated with dental caries and health. Saliva samples from ten healthy and ten caries-active hosts were analyzed using HuMiChip 1.0, a new generation of Geochip targeting microbial metabolism in human and mouse microbiota, based on a modified pipeline within the well validated GeoChip3.0. Our results showed that the functional gene structure of saliva microbiota is able to distinguish caries-active patients from healthy hosts, suggesting that the structure and selected microbial functional gene markers can be potentially exploited for caries diagnosis and perturbation. Thus saliva can serve as a sensitive and non-invasive venue for simultaneously tracking the host, microbial and environmental attributes whose interactions underlie health and disease. Materials and Methods Study design All human host volunteers were from an oral health census on the undergraduates from the.1272, 19. Saito K, Nishida KM, Mori T, Kawamura Y, Miyoshi K, et al Particular association of Piwi with rasiRNAs derived from retrotransposon and heterochromatic regions within the Drosophila genome. Genes & Development 20: 22142222. 20. Aihara H, Nakagawa T, Yasui K, Ohta T, Hirose S, et al. Nucleosomal histone kinase-1 phosphorylates H2A Thr 119 during mitosis in the early Drosophila embryo. Genes Dev. 18: 877888. 21. Ivanovska I, Khandan T, Ito T, Orr-Weaver TL A histone code in meiosis: the histone kinase, NHK-1, is required for proper chromosomal architecture in Drosophila oocytes. Genes Dev. 19: 25712582. 22. Lancaster OM, Cullen CF, Ohkura H NHK-1 phosphorylates BAF to allow karyosome formation in the Drosophila oocyte nucleus. J Cell Biol. 179: 817824. 23. Zhang W, Deng H, Bao X, Lerach S, Girton J, et al. The JIL-1 histone H3S10 kinase regulates dimethyl H3K9 modifications and heterochromatic spreading in Drosophila. Development 133: 229235. 24. Gelbart WM, Emmert DB. Calculation of RPKM to generate quantitative expression data: read-length values for modENCODE developmental timecourse RNA-Seq data. FlyBase analysis. 25. Brodie R, Roper RL, Upton C JDotter: A Java Interface to Multiple Dot Plots Generated by Dotter. Bioinformatics 20: 279281. 26. Wang Y, Geer LY, Chappey C, Kans JA, Bryant SH Cn3D: sequence and structure views for Entrez. Trends Biochem Sci. 25: 300302. 12 ~~ ~~ Caries is the most common infectious disease throughout the world. Lesions and cavities on tooth surfaces, caused by caries activity, result in infection and pain and can lead to decay and even the loss of tooth structure. Furthermore, once started, the destruction process is usually irreversible. Therefore, preventive measures against caries, as well as the prognosis and early diagnosis, are of certain clinical significance. Human saliva is home to numerous microorganisms. Evidences have recently emerged from our group and others that the organismal structure of saliva microbiota is highly individualized among human hosts and that changes in organismal structure are linked to caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. However, the 15826876 functional characteristics of saliva microbiota are not well understood and the potential roles of saliva microbiota in health and diseases remain elusive, as organismal lineages do not necessarily correlate with functional activities; many organisms in a given microbiota are either novel or uncultured; the degree of microbial functional divergence among host individuals is presently unknown. Here we reported the global functional profiles of human saliva microbiota associated with dental caries and health. Saliva samples from ten healthy and ten caries-active hosts were analyzed using HuMiChip 1.0, a new generation of Geochip targeting microbial metabolism in human and mouse microbiota, based on a modified pipeline inside the well validated GeoChip3.0. Our results showed that the functional gene structure of saliva microbiota is able to distinguish caries-active patients from healthy hosts, suggesting that the structure and selected microbial functional gene markers can be potentially exploited for caries diagnosis and perturbation. Thus saliva can serve as a sensitive and non-invasive venue for simultaneously tracking the host, microbial and environmental attributes whose interactions underlie health and disease. Materials and Methods Study design All human host volunteers were from an oral health census on the undergraduates from the.